Yuchanyan and Xianrendong - Oldest Pottery in the World

Xianrendong and Yuchanyan caves in northern China are the oldest of a growing number of sites which support the origins of pottery as having occurred not just in the Japanese island Jomon culture of 11,000 to 12,000 years ago, but earlier in the Russian Far East and South China some 18,000-20,000 years ago. Scholars believe these are independent inventions, as were the later inventions of ceramic vessels in Europe and the Americas. Xianrendong Cave Xianrendong Cave is located at the foot of Xiaohe mountain, in Wannian county, northeast Jiangxi province of China, 15 kilometers (~10 miles) west of the provincial capital and 100 km (62 mi) south of the Yangtze river. Xianrendong contained the oldest pottery in the world yet identified: ceramic vessel remains, bag-shaped jars made some ~20,000 calendar years ago (cal BP). The cave has a large inner hall, measuring some 5 meters (16 feet) wide by 5-7 m (16-23 ft) high with a small entrance, only 2.5 m (8 ft) wide and 2 m (6 ft) high. Located some 800 m (about 1/2 mile) from Xianrendong, and with an entrance some 60 m (200 ft) higher in elevation, is the Diaotonguan rock shelter: it contains the same cultural strata as Xianrendong and some archaeologists believe it was used as a campsite by Xianrendongs residents. Many of the published reports include information from both sites. Cultural Stratigraphy at Xianrendong Four cultural strata have been identified at Xianrendong, including an occupation spanning the transition from Upper Paleolithic to Neolithic times in China, and three early Neolithic occupations. All seem to represent primarily fishing, hunting and gathering lifestyles, although some evidence for early rice domestication has been noted within the Early Neolithic occupations. In 2009, an international team (Wu 2012) focused on the intact pottery bearing levels layers at the base of the excavations, and a suite of dates between 12,400 and 29,300 cal BP were taken. The lowest sherd-bearing levels, 2B-2B1, were subjected to 10 AMS radiocarbon dates, ranging from 19,200-20,900 cal BP, making Xianrendongs sherds the earliest identified pottery in the world today. Neolithic 3 (9600-8825 RCYBP)Neolithic 2 (11900-9700 RCYBP)Neolithic 1 (14,000-11,900 RCYBP) appearance of O. sativaPaleolithic-Neolithic Transition (19,780-10,870 RCYBP)Epipaleolithic (25,000-15,200 RCYBP) only wild oryza Xianrendong Artifacts and Features Archaeological evidence suggests the earliest occupation at Xianrendong was a permanent, long-term occupation or reuse, with evidence for substantial hearths and ash lenses. In general, a hunter-fisher-gatherer lifestyle was followed, with emphasis on deer and wild rice (Oryza nivara phytoliths). Pottery: A total of 282 pottery sherds were recovered from the oldest levels. They have uneven thick walls between .7 and 1.2 centimeters (~1.4-1.5 inches), with round bases and inorganic (sand, mainly quartz or feldspar) temper. The paste has a brittle and loose texture and a heterogeneous reddish and brown color which resulted from uneven, open-air firing. Forms are mainly round-bottomed bag-shaped jars, with rough surfaces, the inner and outer surfaces sometimes decorated with cord marks, smoothing striations and/or basket-like impressions. They appear to have been made with two different techniques: by sheet laminating or coil and paddle techniques.Stone Tools: The stone tools are by and large chipped stone tools based on flakes, with scrapers, burins, small projectile points, drills, notches, and denticulates. Hard-hammer and soft-hammer stone tool making techniques are both in evidence. The oldest levels have a small percentage of polished stone tools compared to chipped, parti cularly in comparison with the Neolithic levels.Bone tools: harpoons and fishing spear points, needles, arrowheads, and shell knives.Plants and animals: Predominant emphasis on deer, bird, shellfish, turtle; wild rice phytoliths. The Early Neolithic levels at Xianrendong are also substantial occupations. The pottery has a wider variety of clay composition and many sherds are decorated with geometric designs. Clear evidence for rice cultivation, with both O. nivara and O. sativa phytoliths present. There is also an increase in polished stone tools, with a primarily pebble tool industry including a few perforated pebble disks and flat pebble adzes. Yuchanyan Cave Yuchanyan Cave is a karst rock shelter south of the Yangtze River basin in Daoxian county, Hunan province, China. Yuchanyans deposits contained the remains of at least two nearly complete ceramic pots, securely dated by associated radiocarbon dates at having been placed in the cave between 18,300-15,430 cal BP. Yuchanyans cave floor includes an area of 100 square meters, some 12-15 m (~40-50 ft) wide on its east-west axis and 6-8 m (~20-26 ft) wide on the north-south. The upper deposits were removed during the historical period, and the remaining site occupation debris ranges between 1.2-1.8 m (4-6 ft) in depth. All of the occupations within the site represent brief occupations by Late Upper Paleolithic people, between 21,000 and 13,800 BP. At the time of the earliest occupation, the climate in the region was warm, watery and fertile, with plenty of bamboo and deciduous trees. Over time, gradual warming throughout the occupation occurred, with a trend towards replacing the trees with grasses. Towards the end of the occupation, the Younger Dryas (ca. 13,000-11,500 cal BP) brought increased seasonality to the region. Yuchanyan  Artifacts and Features Yuchanyan cave exhibited generally good preservation, resulting in the recovery of a rich archaeological assemblage of stone, bone, and shell tools as well as a wide variety of organic remains, including both animal bone and plant remains. The floor of the cave was purposefully covered with alternating layers of red clay and massive ash layers, which likely represent deconstructed  hearths, rather than  the production  of clay vessels. Pottery: The sherds from Yuchanyan are some of the earliest examples of pottery yet found. They are all dark brown, coarsely-made pottery with a loose and sandy texture. The pots were hand-built and low-fired (ca. 400-500 degrees C); kaolinite is a major component of the fabric. The paste is thick and uneven, with walls up to 2 centimeters thick. The clay was decorated with cord impressions, on both the interior and exterior walls. Enough sherds were recovered for the scholars to reconstruct a large, wide-mouthed vessel (round opening 31 cm in diameter, vessel height 29 cm) with a pointed bottom; this style of pottery is known from much later Chinese sources as a fu cauldron.Stone Tools: Stone tools recovered from Yuchanyan include cutters, points, and scrapers.Bone Tools: Polished bone awls and shovels, perforated shell ornaments with notched-tooth decorations also were found within the assemblages.Plants and animals: Plant species recovered from the caves deposits include wild grap es and plums. Several rice opal phytoliths and husks have been identified, and some scholars have suggested that some of the grains illustrate incipient domestication. Mammals include bears, boar, deer, tortoises, and fish. The assemblage includes 27 different types of birds, including cranes, ducks, geese, and swans; five kinds of carp; 33 kinds of shellfish. Archaeology at Yuchanyan and Xianrendong Xianrendong was excavated in 1961 and 1964 by the Jiangxi Provincial Committee for Cultural Heritage, led by Li Yanxian; in 1995-1996 by the Sino-American Jiangxi Origin of Rice Project, led by R.S. MacNeish, Wenhua Chen and  Shifan  Peng; and in 1999-2000 by Peking University and the Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics. Excavations at Yuchanyan were conducted beginning in the 1980s, with extensive investigations between 1993-1995 led by Jiarong Yuan of the Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Heritage and Archaeology; and again between 2004 and 2005, under the direction of Yan Wenming. Sources Boaretto E, Wu X, Yuan J, Bar-Yosef O, Chu V, Pan Y, Liu K, Cohen D, Jiao T, Li S et al. 2009. Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(24):9595-9600.Kuzmin YV. 2013. Origin of Old World pottery as viewed from the early 2010s: when, where and why? World Archaeology 45(4):539-556.Kuzmin YV. 2013. Two Trajectories in the Neolithization of Eurasia: Pottery Versus Agriculture (Spatiotemporal Patterns). Radiocarbon 55(3):1304-1313.Prendergast ME, Yuan J, and Bar-Yosef O. 2009. Resource intensification in the Late Upper Paleolithic: a view from southern China. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(4):1027-1037.Wang W-M, Ding J-L, Shu J-W, and Chen W. 2010. Exploration of early rice farming in China. Quaternary International 227(1):22-28.Wu X, Zhang C, Goldberg P, Cohen D, Pan Y, Arpin T, and Bar-Yosef O. 2012. Early pottery at 20,000 years ago in Xianrendong Ca ve, China. Science 336:1696-1700.Yang X. 2004. Xianrendong and Diaotonghuan Sites at Wannian, Jiangxi Province.In: Yang X, editor. Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past. New Haven: Yale University Press. vol 2, p 36-37.Zhang C, and Hung H-c. 2012. Later hunter-gatherers in southern China, 18,000–3000 BC. Antiquity 86(331):11-29.Zhang W, and Jiarong Y. 1998. A preliminary study of ancient excavated rice from Yuchanyan site, Dao County, Hunan province, PR China. Acta Agronomica Sinica 24(4):416-420.Zhang PQ. 1997. Discussion of Chinese domesticated rice - 10,000 year-old rice at Xianrendong, Jiangxi Province. Second Session of International Symposium on Agricultural Archaeology.Zhao C, Wu X, Wang T, and Yuan X. 2004. Early polished stone tools in South China evidence of the transition from Palaeolithic to Neolithic Documenta Praehistorica 31:131-137.

principles of microeconomics practice exam#3 with answer keys

Exam 3 Directions: Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Then mark your response on the answer sheet. Unless otherwise stated, demand curves are negatively sloped and supply curves are positively sloped. The midpoint and point formulae for elasticity are, respectively: ____ 1. If the government wants to reduce smoking, it should impose a tax on a. buyers of cigarettes. b. sellers of cigarettes. c. either buyers or sellers of cigarettes. d. whichever side of the market is less elastic. Figure 6-23 ____ 2. Refer to Figure 6-23. The amount of the tax burden borne by producers is _____ per unit. a. $4. c. $6. b. $5. d. $10. Figure 6-24 Suppose†¦show more content†¦Tickets to see Willie Nelson cost $40. On any given day, you would be willing to pay up to $50 to see and hear Willie Nelson perform. Assume there are no other costs of seeing either event. Based on this information, at a minimum, how much would you have to value seeing the Cubs play the White Sox to accept the ticket and go to the game? a. $0 c. $40 b. $10 d. $50 Figure 7-5 ____ 11. Refer to Figure 7-5. At the equilibrium price, consumer surplus is a. $200. c. $500. b. $300. d. $600. ____ 12. A seller’s willingness to sell is a. measured by the seller’s cost of production. b. related to her supply curve, just as a buyer’s willingness to buy is related to his demand curve. c. less than the price received if producer surplus is a positive number. d. All of the above are correct. Table 7-8 The only four producers in a market have the following costs: Seller Cost Evan $50 Selena $100 Angie $150 Kris $200 ____ 13. Refer to Table 7-8. If Evan, Selena, Angie, and Kris sell the good, and the resulting producer surplus is $700, then the price per unit must have been a. $200. c. $500. b. $300. d. $700. ____ 14. 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Causes and Effects of Oil Price Fall

Question: Describe in detail about causes and effects of oil price fall. Answer: Introduction: The world economy is vastly dependent upon the components related to the oil. Its factors including price, demand, supply etc. have a significant monetary impact on the global economy. It is noticed that the price of oil was stable till the mid of 2014 but after that, it has been fluctuating. Following to this fluctuation in oil price, some economy has earned huge profit where some other has incurred severe losses. The assignment deals with all the issue stated including, the economic impact of oil, countries that gained advantage and countries that suffered from losses etc. Background: The history claims that the fluctuation in the oil price always affects the economy according to the trend of the variability. In the 1980s, when the oil price had reached to a level which is marked as all-time low, the demand for the product had declined. A survey undertaken by Baumeister Kilian (2016), states that due to the global expansion the demand for oil has started rising during 1999-2008. Again during 2008-2011, due to the great recession the price fluctuation of oil occurred which was partially resolved on 2012 (Baumeister Kilian, 2016). This discussion has taken place because again from the mid of 2014, the oil price starts falling through the demand for the oil is increasing day by day. The report analyses the causes and the facts behind this strange behaviour of the oil price trend. Future Scope: The oil price is very mutable in nature and it changes if any economic changes occur (The Guardian, 2016). So, there is always some scope to research regarding this topic. This assignment teaches that there are several causes occurred for which the oil price could not be stable. Sometimes, lack of demand or sometimes due to excessive recession changes occurred in the price of oil. Reasons might occur differently and in a different way in future which can bring new scopes to study in future. Aim of the report: Oil price is an important factor for the economy and there are many countries whose economic condition depend on it. It is important to assess why these price fluctuations take place. The aim of this report is to identify and analyse the reasons for which the oil price fluctuation has taken place. Moreover, this assignment needs to state the effects that have occurred due to the reasons. Reasons behind oil price fall: It is seen in the report of Plumber (2016), that from the last half of 2014 till date, the oil price has been falling rigorously. This fall is not negligible because as per the analysis, it has dropped near about $38 per barrel which indicates that the 60% of the oil price has already dropped and still it shifts towards downward (Plumber, 2016). According to the theory of demand, price and supply, if the supply of product increases, the demand of the product remain unchanged then the products price starts dropping ceteris paribus(Wetzstein, 2013). Apart from the supply and demand, more components are there who have relations in provoking the price of the oil. In this specific situation, no major changes have been found in the demand factor of the oil price informed by Terra (2015). Moreover, the consumption of the oil price which has not changed substantially supports that this case of oil price fluctuation has taken place not only due changes occurred in supply but also due to changes occur in some other factors to. It is an important factor to be noted that the dollar value has been stronger day by day which simultaneously decreases the value of the commodities. The unit $ is usually used to measure global products (IMF, 2015). So its value increases automatically with a clear decline in the value of global goods. It is a main driver behind the oil price fluctuation. The conflict among the OPEC countries with regards to cut off production of the oil is another major reason behind this fall. In order to control supply countries have to cut the production to firm up the demand and so as the price. The problem has arisen because Saudi Arab along with other gulf countries have refused the proposal while Iran, Algeria, and Venezuela have wanted to do it (The Economist, 2016). This has been creating an oversupply of oil. So, increasing supply caused the problem of excessive supply of oil and hence will create pressure on the price towards downward. Most important of all, referring to the theory of demand and supply, it is to be noted that, the oversupply of the oil has increased the stock of the product. The production in 2015 has exceeded its expected level. The oil inventories have risen and hence declined the price level. Krauss (2016) has informed that the nuclear deal between Iran and US needs more oil exports which create fear in investors mind that this will cause again oversupply of oil. The market has come with the clear reaction in decreasing the price of the oil (Krauss, 2016). Effects of fall in price: India and China are two of the largest oil importing countries who import near about 80% oil of its total need (Bowler, 2015). This is the key reason that fall in oil price has been affecting the economy extensively. This oil price fall has risen the GDP growth of both the countries. The Economist (2016), states that this fall pressurizes the government of China to restructure the fiscal system and taxation system (The Economist, 2016). The deficit in current account balance of India and China has been reduced and gained surplus value due to this price fall. Consecutively the economic growth is improving. The oil price fall is considered as a boon to Indian economy because it decreases the inflation rate and the price of goods and services. Again it reduces the losses of the company and fiscal deficit of the country which was increased due to the high price of oil before. It also strengthens the value of the rupee. Some negativities are present related to these falls. India is known as sixth biggest oil exporting country (Bhattacharjee, 2013). Declined price impacts the export rate. India is suffering from trade deficit because an excess of imports and less of exports, so any fall in the export will affect the economy negatively. Critically speaking, in China, investment in the production of gas, oil, and other energy resources has been decreased due to this fall. As a result, China has been receiving lower GDP growth contribution from this industry (Kotak Securities, 2016). The oil exporting countries are facing severe losses as a result of this price fall. Both the countries will face a severe deficit in exporting the oil to other economies. Also due to the price fall the government of Iran and Saudi Arab as well will face losses in the domestic market to. The annual income of the Saudi Arab has fallen near about 23% in 2015 (Bowler, 2015). This industry brings 75% of the total earning in the Arabian and Iranian economy (Bowler, 2015). Bowler (2015), has added that a heavy budget deficit of $100bn has occurred and the share price has fallen sharply in Saudi Arab. This oil price has occurred as a ban for these major oil exporting countries. Still due to this price fall, the consumption side of the economy is getting benefitted. Due to the fall in oil price, people can consume more oil in the domestic economy and it erases the problem of oversupply. The Indonesian economy has lost 253trillion of its earning. The production of oil and gas industry have suffered 8% loss due to lack of potential investment in Indonesia (Yudha, 2015). This pressurizes the government to reconsider the subsidized price of oil in the economy which automatically will bring some major economic changes. The countries like the USA or Indonesia who are related to huge domestic consumption of oil has been affected in few aspects. It has failed to meet all benefits that could have been achieving if this situation had not occurred. However, it is seen that price fall of oil has occurred as a boon to the developed economies including USA (Appelbaum, 2016). It indirectly affects the economy because now it can consume more oil in less price. The USA is the biggest exporter of the automobile goods like cars, bikes etc. Demand and supply theory state that fluctuation in the price of complementary goods affects the demand for actual goods. If the price of oil falls then more people can afford it and will use personal vehicles instead of public transport. This will increase demand for both goods. Another important factor has been revealed that is the nuclear deal of USA demands more oil. During this price fall session, the USA can stock more oil because it is a necessary good for the deal. Simultaneously, the part who sells oil in the domestic market incur losses during the era. Affected Industries; Winners and Looser: In due courses, there are some industries who are being affected by this serious price fluctuation in oil. The effects come as both positive and negative way. It ultimately concludes that there are some winners and losers as a result of this price fall. The reduction in the price of oil reduces the fuel cost used in the airlines industry. It is observed that the airlines industry in different zone started providing attractive offers to the customers (Goodyear, 2016). Prices are set at a cheaper rate relative to before. This cost reduction has done a record in past three years because the price of oil has been declining at such a rate that even after providing those offers, the industry has achieved healthy revenue. Although it is justified because this oil is used as fuel in airlines industry and if the price of it falls then surely they will gain an advantage. Automobile industry also gains advantage from this phenomena because this oil and the vehicles are marked as complementary goods to each other. So, if the price of one falls then demand of other will increase (Bowler, 2015). This price fall drives the demand in automotive industry and hence they will enjoy a higher revenue and growth as well. Goodyear (2016), has added that the oil producing industries along with their nations face severe losses by this event and it seems a fatal for them. Major oil producing economies like Saudi Arab, Iran etc. will suffer from losses because now they will get a lower amount of revenue by producing and selling the same amount of oil. This happens because the product price has decreased drastically. On the other hand, the banking industry will also suffer because falling price of oil can decrease the number of loan intakes. If the amount of taking loan decreases then banking industry will receive a lower amount of interest rate. It declines to earn of the industry. So, they are considered as a sufferer in the era (Goodyear, 2016). Conclusion: This detailed analysis and discussion of the effect of oil price have highlighted several interesting fact. It is generally considered according to the economic perspective that a fall in a products price generally is a good factor for the economy. This assignment teaches that there are some exceptional goods to. The price fall for this good ultimately is considered as the loss for the economy. Oil, Gold are such kind of products and any modification in these products changes the situation of the world economy. This is to be kept in mind that every factor has some positivism but some major loopholes where this case of oil price fluctuation is not an exception. It is not that all outcomes brought by this case have gone wrong. It is to be concluded that both the causes and effects of oil is leaving some major irrevocable smudge in the world economy. Recommendations: The economy is getting very dynamic day by day but its dependency upon the oil is stable rather increases. The economy should have a quest of some alteration of oil, so that if its price fall harms then they can go for the substitute. Likewise, the use of diesel, battery, natural gas should increase to reduce the dependency on oil. It can save the economy from massive losses. Besides enjoying the advantages, the economy should have some proper arrangements to overcome its disadvantages. References Appelbaum, B., 2016. This Time, Cheaper Oil Does Little for the U.S. Economy. Baumeister, C. Kilian, L., 2016. Forty Years of Oil Price Fluctuations: Why the Price of Oil May Still Surprise Us. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES, 30(1), pp. 139-160. Bhattacharjee, P., 2013. A STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF CRUDE OIL PRICES ON INDIAN ECONOMY Bowler, T., 2015. Falling oil prices: Who are the winners and losers?. Goodyear, S., 2016. Sinking oil prices: Winners and losers. IMF, 2015. Global Implications of Lower Oil Prices. U.S., IMF. Kotak Securities, 2016. 5-ways-falling-oil-prices-affect-India. Krauss, C., 2016. Oil Prices Explained:Signs of a Modest Revival. Plumber, B., 2016. Why crude oil prices keep falling and falling, in one simple chart. Terra, C., 2015. Principles of International Finance and Open Economy Macroeconomics: Theories, Applications, and Policies.

Economic Issues and Environmental Stewardship †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economic Issues and Environmental Stewardship. Answer: Introduction The report helps in understanding the different issues that are faced by the different companies in different parts of the world. A proper critical analysis has to be done in order to identify the positive contribution of themarketing for the entire environment. The environmental stewardship has to be properly followed by the marketers in the organizations as this will help in removing and overcoming the issues related to political, ethical, and economic as well as other related issues. The main aim and purpose of the report is to analyze the different political, ethical as well as economic issues that are faced by the different companies. The company that has been selected in this report is Woolworths, Australia. The main purpose of the report is to analyze the impacts of such issues in the respective company Woolworths, Telstra and Bulla Dairy Food Products Companies. The structure of the report will include proper introduction about the environmental stewardship that are followed strictly by the marketers in the organization. The different issues have to be properly ascertained as this will help in analyzing such issues on the environmental stewardship and the proper ways to overcome such issues as well. Environmental Stewardship Environmental stewardship is defined as the responsible and proper use of the natural environment as well as proper protection of the natural environment as well (Ferrell and Fraedrich 2015). The marketers have to properly follow the environmental stewardship in their organization as this will help in overcoming the different issues that are faced by the company. Woolworths as well as Telstra are the largest supermarkets wherein different issues have been raised as this can affect the entire business along with affecting the entire brand image of company as well (Perreault Jr, Cannon and McCarthy 2013). Economic Issues is one such issue wherein it can impact the reputation of the company along with affecting the environmental sustainability as well. The period of recession and increase in the rate of unemployment has affected the financial performance of the company as well (Malhotra 2016). These factors have affected the productivity by lower the amount of sales and revenues and this has worsened the condition of the respective company as well. The respective companies has closed the operations due to the financial crisis and they are failing to access the different demands of the employees in the organization as well (Webster and Lusch 2013). Furthermore, the respective company has reduced the number of employees during the period of recession and this has led to huge loss to the company as well (May et al. 2014). The entire retail industry wherein Woolworths has a huge place, it has received continuous amount of support from the entire market to keep growing and recover the different losses as well (Johanson and Mattsson 2015). The respective company has faced issues in the proper recruitment as well as selection of the skilled employees for the company and this has created issues for the entire company as well (Kim et al. 2014). Another economic issue that has been faced by the company is increase in the rate of inflation that had huge influence on the prices of the different goods as well (Husser et al. 2014). Furthermore, these issues has to be properly managed by the respective company as this can have huge impact on the productivity along with the other issues that can impact the efficiency as well as effectiveness of the employees as well (Khang et al. 2016). The economics issues that are faced by the company have huge impact on the environmental stewardship as there are different issues in the sustainability of the organization as well (Conway 2014). Proper strategies such as increasing the entire productivity of the organization along with maintaining proper operations in the company will help in maintaining proper sustainability in the organization as well (Lehmann and Winer 2017). Legal issues are another such issue that has huge impact on the environmental stewardship as well as on the sustainability of the environment. The invasion of the privacy is one such legal issue wherein the private and confidential information are leaked by few of the employees of the respective organizations (Baker and Saren 2016). There are other issues as well as such as misleading the different kind of claims wherein problem arises among the employees as well as the customers of the respective organization as well (Galician 2013). There can be issues as well regarding the collection of data wherein the data is hacked and this can have huge impact on the sustainability of the organization along with other issues for the employees of the companies as well (Ford and Richardson 2013). There can be dissemination of different information of the organization wherein the data that was collected by the members of the organization has to be properly distributed among the different channels of distribution. Furthermore, there are different channels of delivery that are extremely controversial in nature and this can create huge issue in the company as well as on the environmental stewardship as well. Such kind of legal issues has to be properly removed and this has to overcome by the respective companies in Australia such as Woolworths, Telstra and bulla dairy Food Company as this will help in the future for the security and secrecy of the different data that has been collected by them. Proper safety and security is required and it is essential in nature as this will have huge impact on the entire company along with the sustainability of the organizations depends on it as well. Ethical issues is one of the another issues in themarketing in Woolworths, Australia as well as Telstra. The different ethics related to the advertisements along with the promotional activities in the respective company has created different ethical issues. Puffery is the ethical issue that is faced by Woolworths wherein the company had wanted exaggerated claim over the superiority of the other products upon the competitors in the competitive market. Similarly, deception is another issue wherein Woolworths as well as Telstra has made false as well as misleading statements about the different products and services in order to gain proper competitive advantage over their competitors in the market. This has affected the reputation of the company as well as the target customers have lost the faith from Woolworths as well. On the other hand, Woolworths has faced is regarding the controversial advertisements regarding different products in the competitive market. This created a lot of confusion among the customers of Woolworths and they have been confused about the advertisements whether to believe on such advertisements or not. The other ethical issues are relating to the damaging the personal autonomy or the advertisements that are causing harm to the competitors in the competitive market. When a particular organization is causing harm to the other competitors in the market, this will lead to damage of the personal autonomy of the respective company as well (Stremersch et al. 2015). These are the unethical practices that can create huge amount of negative impact on the personal autonomy of the company along with issues in their brand image as well. The unethical practices can create issues for the environmental stewardship as well as on the target customers of the company. The target customers can be badly affected as this will affect their shopping pattern from the particular supermarket as well. These are the customers who are having faith on the reliable brand and trusting the effective communication provided to them by the supermarket as well. There are other different unethical practices that can be caused by the company when they are selling different products that are banned or that are not up to mark as well. When the company is not communicating the proper information relating to the side effects of the different products that are sold by them, this can have huge impact on the trust of the customers of the organization. Similarly, Woolworths and Telstra can indulge into other unethical practices such as marketing of different goods that have unnecessary packaging of different products and this can be unsafe for use for the customers as well. Therefore, it can be analyzed that the unethical practices has to be properly reduced by the companies with the help of proper implementation of different strategies. The proper usage of different ethical advertisements along with selling proper packaged goods to their target customers will help in maintaining ethical practices in the company. This will help in maintaining proper environmental stewardship in the organization as well. The different companies have to properly analyze the different issues and solve such issues with proper strategy implementation. Conclusion Therefore, it can be inferred that proper environmental sustainability along with environmental stewardship is essential in nature for different companies. Environmental stewardship helps in gaining potential and sustainable environment for the entire community. The different issues relating to economic, legal as well as ethical issues has to be properly ascertained and analyzed as these can have huge impact on the sustainability of the organization. The economic issues that are faced by the company due to recession and unemployment can have huge influence on the respective company along with the environment. Similarly, the ethical issues relating to unethical advertisements as well as providing different and false statements on the different products can create bad impact on the view of the customers as well. Lastly, the legal issues such as the proper secrecy and confidentiality of the data have to be properly maintained as this will help in maintaining proper sustainability in the environment as well. References Baker, M.J. and Saren, M. eds., 2016.Marketing theory: a student text. Sage. Conway, M., 2014. 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